English to latin phrases

Latin and Its Influence on English Language

Latin is one of the most ancient languages				learned, and first found in written
and even now it is widely used almost in				language). The dual sources of
various fields such as: medicine, learning,
science, technology, etc.				Middle English vocabulary are still apparent
				today: word pairs such as
Latin has been influencing English
throughout its history. Its				example/exemplary and machine (sh)/machinate
				(k) show the differences
authority on English was profound as the
Roman army and merchants gave				between words with Norman and Latin roots.
				This period is the first
new names to local objects such as: pise
'pea', catte 'cat', cetel				time that untranslated Latin words are
				introduced wholesale, in both
'kettle', candel 'candle' and a numerous
number of other common words.				prose (Trevisa's translation of De
				Proprietatibus Rerum) and poetry
The influence of Latin on Old English was
profound because Latin was				(Dunbar et al.). As one Latin-English
				translator complained in the
considered the language of a highly
developed civilization. For				early 1400s, 'There is many words in Latin
				that we have no proper
several hundred years, while the Germanic
Tribe who became the English				English accordance therto.'2 Almost all of
				these aureate terms passed
were still occupying their home land, they
had various relations with				into general use only after being
				reintroduced. Others still current
the Romans through which they acquired a
considerable number of Latin				were from Wycliffe's Bible, and gained
				currency through constant use.The Modern
words. Not only did Latin influence the				PeriodThe Modern Period begins with the
vocabulary of the English				advent of Modern English, usually

language, but its syntactic style had an				dated to 1500.3 By the time of Thomas Eliot,
impact on the English of the				the classical languages

16th century. Marcus Tullius Cicero work was				were entering English mostly as compounds,
particularly imitated, as				either with English or

there was a search for an oratorical				previously-assimilated words, or with other
contrast and balance.Latin's contribution to				classical roots. An
modern English has not been more than just
				incomplete list of widely used classical
derivatives. The concept of grammar also				roots includes -ation, -ana,
came from the artificial
				-ite, -ism, ex-, co-, -ist, and de-, while
structure of Classical Latin which can be				scientific English uses
defined as the Latin used
				many more specialized ones : mille-, matri-,
for poetry, oratory, and by the upper				menti-, and reticul-,
classes. Early English had no
				though these often come ultimately from the
grammar, no rules. Latin provided an example				Greek.Latin roots are also apparent in
of excellent grammatical				commercial names, especially of

structure and an oratory contrast that				high-tech companies (Sun Microsystems, from
English eventually adopted.Latin has probably				the Greek micro, as in the
impacted legal English the most, as it shares
with				Late Latin microcosms), but also in many
				from the early days of this
science a concern for precision. The
language used in the legal system				century (Bovril, from the Latin bovis)4.
				Classically derived names
is simple, universal and rhetoric. The word
have made the statements				seem to give credence to claims to knowledge
				and capability5.Assimilation of Latin words
to be phrased in such a way that we can see				into EnglishHaving treated when, how, and why
its applicability yet				Latin words are used in English, the

specific enough individual circumstances.				next question is "how have these Latin words
The law has to remain				assimilated into

constant so the language has to be precise				English?" English words like harp, cousin,
enough so cases will be				chime, chesnut, prove, and

treated consistently and fairly. This is the				truck certainly don't advertise their Latin
reason why it has adopted				roots (Late Latin harpa,

such a complex grammatical structure.Words				Latin consobrinus, Latin cymbalum, Latin
from Latin roots have also entered Modern				castanea, Latin probus, and
English through the
				the Latin trochaicus, respectively)11. Yet,
modern Romance languages, especially French				linguists and etymologists
and Italian.
				can somehow trace the history and forms of
English-speakers assimilate a variety of				English words, and
foreign words. They dropped
				recognize patterns in the changes they
endings without much thought. As a result,				undergo.Other patterns have been recognized
we now retain foreign				that not only reveal an English

characters like the French c, and the German				word's source, but can also help date its
B.The English language has drawn from Latin				adoption. The two most
mainly in its vocabulary,
				important of these were palatal
but also in its grammar. These loans are				diphthongization, in which some vowels
grouped, by time and
				preceded by palatal consonants were changed
substance, into four periods -- the Zero,				to diphthongs, and the
First, Second, Third, and
				i-umlaut (or i-mutation), in which the value
Modern. Each of these has distinctive				of some accented vowels
characteristics, both of the
				was changed. The other prominent area of
Latin words adopted and the process of				change in adopted words was
assimilation undergone. Latin
				in their accenting, which sometimes led to
words have also been adopted to English				more vowel mutations. These
through Modern French and
				changes all took place in English, so their
Modern Italian (grouped under the Modern				presence can tell us only
Period) and Norman French
				by when a word must have been adopted; other
(the Third Period).The Zero PeriodIt				changes can tell us
includes all English words whose etymology
traces back				before what time a word must have been used
				in English. The most
to Germanic tribes in contact with Romans on
the continent. These are				important of these was in the Latin itself,
				and is the change that
all short words, easily adaptable to the
inflections of early Germanic				took place when a word was simplified by
				speakers of Vulgar Latin13.
languages. The tribes' dealings with the
Romans were centered in				Others were changes in the forms adopted by
				other Germanic languages,
military matters, cooking, trade, and
commerce, especially with wine				but these are often only speculation.The
				other major change words underwent after
merchants. Words current in Modern English				adoption was
with recognizable forms
				simplification, either dropping a case
include camp (L campus), kettle (OE cytel, L				ending (Latin cornu -- English
catillus, catinus), cheap
				horn14) or dropping syllables. Syllables
(OE ceap), and wine (OE win, L vinum).The				were especially likely to be
First PeriodThis period includes words
borrowed during Julius Caesar's English				lost from words of the Zero Period (learned
				by continental Germanic
adventures (55 BC) and the Roman Conquest
(43-449 AD), but almost none				tribes), who found it hard to decline even
				shortened words from Vulgar
of these1 survived the Teutonic and Norman
invasions. In fact, most				Latin in their heavily-inflected Old High
				and Low Germans.Latin's Impact on English
Celtic words in Modern English either were				GrammarLatin's contribution to modern English
borrowed recently (slogan,				has not been based solely on

shillelagh) or continued as place names				derivatives. The very ideas of grammar also
(Kent, Devon, Cumberland). The				came from the artificial

most interesting Latin-Celtic-Old English				structure of Classical Latin (the Latin used
path is that of -chester,				for poetry, oratory, and

with its variants -cester and -caster, as				by the upper classes). Early English was in
found in Manchester,				no way an artificial or

Gloucester, and Lancaster. In Celtic, it is				learned language, and had no grammar, no
ceaster, from the Latin				rules, nothing but

castra (encampment).The Second PeriodThis				conflicting precedent15 in everything:
period, dating from Augustine's mission of				spelling, word order,
597, is divided
				declension, and conjugation.In this
into two main sub-periods, the Early and the				structural vacuum, those who wanted order
Benedictine. The Early				were forced to

Second Period includes words taken by the				create it, which they did by imposing
English to describe their				classical grammar on the

new religion (mass, pope; from the Old				language16. These early grammarians are the
English maesse, papa; and the				source of the stigma on

Latin missa, papa), but also household words				ending a phrase with a preposition, of the
(cap, plant; from the Old				choice we have today

English caeppa, plante; and the Latin cappa,				between who/which (identified with the Latin
planta) and those				qui) and that as a

relating to education (Latin and school;				relative pronoun17, and with the absolute
from the Old English scol;				participle, whose first use

and the Latin Latinus, schola). The amount				in English was direct translation from the
and miscellany of the				Latin. While the last is a

borrowings show the extent of Christianity's				benefit, the first two lead to unnaturally
immediate impact on				worded phrases, and have no

seventh-century Britain. In this part of the				justification other than classical
Second Period, direct				grammar.Latin's Overall ImpactLatin is so
				large a part of English that, even if we
translation of Latin terms is				wanted to, we
characteristic. Thus, the Late Latin
				could not purge ourselves of even one tenth
trinitas (three) is the Old English prines				of our words derived from
(literally, three-ness),
				it. Even our grammar, which has been
and the Late Latin resurrectio				influenced less than our
(resurrection) is the Old English
				vocabulary, would be amazingly different
aerist, from arisan (to arise).The Third				without its Latin base. But,
PeriodThe Third Period begins in 1066 with
William the Conqueror. With the				is all that we have received from Latin
				useful?Our grammar has been turned on its
Norman invasion came their language, Norman				head by classical scholars, and our
French, which was related
				vocabulary does not need the amount of words
more closely to Latin than was English.				that it has. If one idea
Because of this closeness,
				has just one word derived from each language
words adopted from French (usually of a more				contributing the most to
colliquial character) are
				Modern English (Greek, Latin, Saxon
considered along with those drawn from Latin				(Germanic), and Norman French), we
itself (often more
				would still have useless synonyms.

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Latin and Its Influence on English Language