| Perhaps the most famous test of artificial | | | | given as results of the use of the axioms and |
| intelligence is the Turing test, elaborated in 1950. | | | | theorems present in the brain. Behaviorism sees |
| As part of his argument Turing put forward the | | | | every decision made by the mind as the choice |
| idea of an 'imitation game', in which a human being | | | | of one alternative over another, where the |
| and a computer would be interrogated under | | | | preferred output is the response that has |
| conditions where the interrogator would not know | | | | repeatedly been followed by a reinforcing |
| which was which, the communication being entirely | | | | stimulus.We can see now that a method that |
| by textual messages. Turing argued that if the | | | | would test the effectiveness of such a machine |
| interrogator could not distinguish them by | | | | would be entirely based on a chosen interpretation |
| questioning, then it would be unreasonable not to | | | | of the mind. Moreover, not only the test should |
| call the computer intelligent.There are several | | | | be based on this interpretation, but also the whole |
| ways of interpreting and discussing the Turing | | | | way the machine is built. It is obvious that the |
| test, which in effect all lead to the discussing of | | | | Turing test is entirely based on functionalism |
| some key philosophical views on the mind. | | | | because the way computers were built, especially |
| Considering the mind as an input-output device | | | | in the beginning was based on |
| with the exterior world, the four main | | | | functionalism.Nevertheless, the Turing test has |
| metaphysical takes on the mind would have four | | | | been severely criticized, especially by logicians. |
| different views of how the decision of choosing | | | | There has even been invented a counter-test, or |
| an appropriate output to a given input is mediated. | | | | experiment to prove its lack of validity. This test, |
| The dualistic view on the mind would see as | | | | the Chinese Room Experiment, developed by John |
| responsible for this mediation the right conscious | | | | Searle has the main quality that assumes the |
| experiences, the mind-brain identity theory would | | | | premises of the Turing test, namely that the |
| name the right neurophysiological mechanisms, | | | | human mind works according to theory that it has |
| functionalism the right procedures while the | | | | built in. Shortly, the test says that an English |
| behaviorist would not identify any. Accordingly, | | | | native speaker that has no knowledge of Chinese, |
| these four views would view the mental | | | | is locked in a room and given a set of instructions |
| processes as phenomenological, neurophysiological, | | | | and then two batches of Chinese writings.When |
| computational, while the behaviorist would see the | | | | the third one is given, he is able to correlate one |
| mind as lacking any processes but just having | | | | set of formal symbols to another set of formal |
| qualities resulted from behavioral dispositions.What | | | | symbols and thus, using the rules, he is able to |
| these four views state effectively about the way | | | | give back certain sorts of Chinese symbols with |
| the mind works can be explained in an easier | | | | certain sorts of shapes in response to certain |
| way, as follows. The dualistic view implies a | | | | sorts of shapes given him in the third batch. Thus, |
| certain awareness of the self, of the past | | | | the person would be able to communicate in |
| experiences and is probably the closest to imply a | | | | Chinese, and convince the interviewer of his |
| freedom of choice. The mind-brain identity sees | | | | abilities, without actually knowing any word of |
| the mind and the brain as a whole and as the only | | | | Chinese. He produces the answers by manipulating |
| defining element of humans. All the processes of | | | | uninterpreted formal symbols, but as far as the |
| thinking can be explained through chemical and | | | | Chinese is concerned, he simply behaves like a |
| biological reactions. Functionalism is the closest to | | | | computer; he performs computational operations |
| the Turing test and to the most basic way we | | | | on formally specified elements. For the purposes |
| perceive computers. It states that the mind acts | | | | of Chinese, he is simply an instantiation of the |
| as an axiomatic system and all the outputs are | | | | computer program. |