| During the 1980's, in America there was much | | | | possible enemy or an area; and an agency |
| interest in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The | | | | engaged in obtaining such informationo mental |
| great expectations of the 1980's were followed | | | | acutenesso the basic eternal quality of the Divine |
| by the skepticism of the 1990's, at which time | | | | Mind (Christian Science)o the ability to perform |
| the limitations of capabilities of our current | | | | computer function |
| computers were emphasized. The skepticism of | | | | It makes sense to analyze the definition, "the |
| the 1990's has now for the most part passed, | | | | ability to perform computer function". At first |
| and one of the main scientific and industrial | | | | glance, an executable computer program, which |
| challenges of the 21st century is the development | | | | provides computer function (for example, |
| of Artificial Intelligent Systems (AIS). | | | | calculation or text writing), doesn't have |
| The development of AIS is aimed at the creation | | | | intelligence. However, consider for a moment that |
| of new technologies that will provide solutions to | | | | "human or animal instinct", is the inherent |
| problems in the areas of electronics and heavy | | | | disposition of a living organism toward a particular |
| industries, agriculture, energy and resource | | | | behavior. Based on our knowledge of computers, |
| conservation, transportation, human health, public | | | | we can count "instinct" as a group of programs |
| safety, national security, and other fields. | | | | written on genetic material such as DNA |
| Speaking at a conference in Buenos Aires in 1995, | | | | When a worker performs his tasks automatically, |
| Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. (Vice President of the | | | | it means he has in his brain the "programs" |
| United States from 1993-2001 under President Bill | | | | necessary for automatic actions. In part, these |
| Clinton) remarked, 'These highways, or more | | | | programs were created by the special training he |
| accurately, networks of distributed intelligence, will | | | | received to enable him to do his job. Congenital |
| allow us to share information, to connect, and to | | | | and acquired programs are all part of human |
| communicate as a global community. From these | | | | intellect, or intelligence. It is the same for an |
| connections we will derive robust and sustainable | | | | executable computer program. The program |
| economic progress, strong democracies, better | | | | bears a portion of the intellect of its creators, |
| solutions to global and local environmental | | | | translated into a language (code) that the machine |
| challenges, improved health care, and ultimately, a | | | | understands. |
| greater sense of shared stewardship of our small | | | | Therefore, an executable computer program has |
| planet'. | | | | some intelligence. Modern computer systems that |
| From a historical point of view, AIS appeared in | | | | can, for example, choose an optimal decision, or |
| the last century as result of the evolution of | | | | make a rational analysis of external influences for |
| man-machine systems, in which the functions of | | | | this decision, are intelligent systems. This is the |
| man and machine are interrelated for the | | | | reason why AI is a powerful resource for |
| operation of these systems. For example, a | | | | solutions to a diverse range of problems (including |
| craftsman operating a working lathe, a driver and | | | | those not formalized) for which there are |
| his running car, and the workers and machines at | | | | currently no known solutions. |
| a power station all form man-machine systems. In | | | | Historically, the term "intelligence" was connected |
| a man-machine system, the human operator | | | | with government organizations (agencies) devoted |
| supplies the goal, the direction, and the integration. | | | | to the gathering of information for purposes of |
| The machine executes everything according to | | | | national security and defense, such as the Central |
| the given directions, and provides feedback. | | | | Intelligence Agency (CIA) in America. Today, this |
| In the process of man-machine systems | | | | term has a broader meaning, with practical |
| evolution, the role of man has decreased relative | | | | applications to real systems and products. AI |
| to the role of the machines he operates. To | | | | methods include elements found in cybernetics, |
| execute routine functions, machines have been | | | | computer science, psychology, neuroscience, |
| increasingly equipped with control subsystems, and | | | | cognitive science, linguistics, operations research, |
| the resulting man-machines systems were | | | | economics, control theory, and math, among |
| referred to as "semi-automatic" systems. | | | | others. AI also connects and overlaps with such |
| Progressively, many semi-automatic systems | | | | fields as robotics, control systems, scheduling, |
| have transformed into automatic systems. | | | | data mining, and logistics. |
| Thanks to computer systems, a fantastic change | | | | Artificial Intelligence Systems are the realization of |
| has taken place in many areas of technology | | | | artificial intelligence science. In other words, AI |
| during the last few decades. Previous machines | | | | could be called, "Application of Artificial Intelligence". |
| had the role of executing tasks given to them by | | | | The term, "AI" is also used to describe an |
| human beings. Today, these machines are | | | | intelligence property of new machines or |
| equipped with very advanced programmable | | | | programs. Many AI experts are predicting that by |
| control systems and various kinds of sensory | | | | the middle of this century, intelligent machines will |
| devices, enabling them to execute many human | | | | be all around us. Machines such as robots already |
| tasks, including creative problem solving. | | | | touch our lives. Automobiles, electronic devices, |
| Meanwhile, engineers and scientists working on | | | | and aircraft are assembled and tested with the |
| bionic technologies are getting closer to creating | | | | help of various robotic machines. The reality that |
| machines that can perform some human | | | | computers have saved the world from |
| functions for people with disabilities. As a result, | | | | information explosion, while becoming affordable |
| the preconditions for the birth of artificial | | | | to students and other everyday users, is largely |
| intelligence appeared. | | | | due to the use of intelligent machines. Just about |
| Ray Kurzweil, in his very interesting book, The | | | | all of the machines around us are rapidly becoming |
| Singularity is Real, found an appropriate metaphor | | | | "intelligent", with help of the intelligent applications. |
| to describe the process of computer systems | | | | Revenues generated by the AI and robotic |
| dissemination. He commented, 'Advancing | | | | industries are now measured in the billions of |
| computer performance is like water slowly | | | | dollars annually. |
| flooding the landscape. A half century ago, it | | | | With the advanced computer-based systems |
| began to drown the lowlands, driving out human | | | | used in traffic control or manufacturing control, it |
| calculators and record clerks, but leaving most of | | | | is reasonable to retain human ability to solve |
| us dry. Now the flood has reached the foothills, | | | | bottleneck problems in real time. Man-machine |
| and our outposts there are contemplating retreat. | | | | systems can exist with different levels of |
| We feel safe on our peaks, but at the present | | | | automation (from manual to autonomous), and |
| rate, those too will be submerged within another | | | | Artificial intelligence systems can have different |
| half century.' | | | | grades, from simple to very complex. |
| It is fair statement regarding Artificial Intelligence | | | | Today, many applications of Artificial Intelligence |
| (AI) as well. In the past few years, some AI | | | | are present in industry, business, medicine, |
| programs and systems have successfully copied | | | | automobile navigation, communication, military |
| selected human brain functions, and extended | | | | operations, space exploration, and so on. The |
| human cognitive and decision-making abilities. As a | | | | average person may have little or no knowledge |
| result, some machines in existence now can | | | | of the current applications of AI, yet he |
| execute the knowledge-based functions of a | | | | encounters the results of AI many times every |
| human operator, but with better quality. The | | | | day. For example, the amazing functionality of |
| inventor of the Lisp programming language, John | | | | everyday machines like a car, a sewing machine, |
| McCarthy, who also coined term "Artificial | | | | kitchen appliances, and the Internet, or the quality |
| Intelligence" in his proposal for the 1956 | | | | of TV images, movies, and telephone |
| Dartmouth Conference, defines AI as "the science | | | | communications are all a result of the Artificial |
| and engineering of making intelligent machines." | | | | Intelligence Systems being used in many common |
| The term "intelligence" is derived from the Latin, | | | | high-tech products. |
| "intellectus", and is defined as "mind, powers of | | | | AIS will most certainly become commonplace in |
| human thinking". According to the | | | | the very near future, as the widespread use of |
| Merriam-Webster dictionary, "intelligence" has | | | | these systems will bring more prosperity and |
| many meanings:o the ability to learn or understand | | | | enhanced well-being to the entire population of our |
| or to deal with new or trying situations: for | | | | planet. Intelligent automation systems, various |
| example, the skilled use of reason or the ability to | | | | advisory programs and robots can, and will, do |
| apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment | | | | the work that we either can not or desire not to |
| or to think abstractly as measured by objective | | | | do. |
| criteriao information concerning an enemy or | | | | |